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Empress Dowager Cixi - Wikipedia
Ci'an continued as co-regent until her death in 1881. Cixi oversaw the Tongzhi Restoration, during which she rejected Western political institutions but supported technological and military modernization.
Cixi | Biography & Facts | Britannica
Cixi was one of the most powerful women in the history of China, active from the 1860s into the 1900s. As mother or adoptive mother of two Chinese emperors, she acted as regent before they were of age and continued to wield considerable influence over China after they formally assumed power.
Empress Dowager Cixi: Her Life, Reign, and Mystery
Cixi was an honorific name meaning 'Kind Joy' given to her when Emperor Xianfeng died and she became the regent with her young son as emperor. It is said that at birth, she was called Yu Lan or 'Little Orchid', however her true name remains unconfirmed.
Empress Dowager Cixi - New World Encyclopedia
She was a powerful and charismatic figure who became the de facto ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty when her son ascended the throne at the age of five, ruling over China for 47 years from 1861 to her death in 1908.
Cixi: The Woman Behind the Throne - Smithsonian Magazine
The image of Cixi as a cruel and greedy tyrant gained historical traction in 1910, when Backhouse and another British journalist, J.O.P. Bland, published the book China Under the Empress Dowager.
Cixi - Asia Society
The Empress Dowager Cixi was the last paramount ruler of the Qing Dynasty. While she governed primarily through the regency, her stranglehold on court power held firm for five decades.
Cixi, the Last Empress Dowager of China - Smithsonian Institution
Arguably the most powerful empress in Chinese history, Empress Dowager Cixi dominated the court and policies of China’s last imperial dynasty for nearly 50 years. She entered the court as a low-ranking consort, or wife, of the Xianfeng emperor and bore his heir, the Tongzhi emperor.
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